fort monroe

Emerging Trends in Air Defense

Kosovo... A War of
Weather.. Lessons Learned from

JTF Noble Anvil

We may own the night... but poor weather
creates sanctuaries and operational lulls

• Precision-guided is no longer "good enough"

• We experienced greater than 50% cloud cover more
than 70% of the time... and it wasn't the worst part of
the year

• Laser or EO-guided munitions cannot hit what the
pilots cannot see

• JDAM expenditure equaled the production rate

GPS -guidance is a requirement and the way
ahead... invest accordingly... allies too

IADS Roll-Back.. Kosovo

Lessons Learned from JTF Noble

Anvil

After 7 8 days of hard campaigning, we effected
little degradation on a modern IADS system

• Redundant systems and well-trained operators with
the discipline to wait for a better opportunity

• Affected tactical employment of airpower
throughout the war (altitude restrictions)

• Required significant ISR and SEAD efforts
throughout the campaign (stressed LD/HD assets)

Will we train for this environment... or continue
to assume we can take IADS down early?

Serb Building Blocks of Counter-
Targeting

Movement

Use civilian vehicles and sma
numbers

Use poor visibility

Information Warfare
Atrocities of US attacks
False deployment of advanced
systems

Mention of chemical or bio

Deception
False paints
Decoys

False transmission

c. oncean lent
Use ground features for
concealment
Use built-up areas and
underground

facilities

An Asymmetrical Approach

To accomplish

* Deny NATO
information
dominance

* Preserve combat
power

* Impede targeting of
fixed sites

lop targe ting

methods

" We knew that NATO had modern techniques capable of detecting
targets so we simply adapted to the conditions on the ground.” Serb
Army General Negoiav Nikolic

Weapons Technology Trends

Guidance

• Active
System

Attitude Control

w/ lermina

Digital Correlation

• On-bpard Digital Flight
Computer ^ ^

ions:

Warhead

Enhanced Blast
NBC / Fuel Air Explosive
Improved ICM
Terminally Guided Homing
• Subminitions
Anti-radiation Homing

Most

Common

FROG-7 (RS)
SCUD Variants
SCUD-B (RS)
Al Hussein (IZ
No-Dong (NK)
SS-21 (RS)

State of the

sl?ll (RS)
SCUD-B (RS)

Transporter Erector Launcher

• Survivability:

• Low Observable Features

• NBC protection

• Lightweight armor

• Automated Fire Control
^p^ATCOM Digital Downlink: C3,

TA, FD

• Qhnrhor coh.nn timo

Accuracy & Range:

Minmr?§mi 100 km

Maximum 1000 km

• CEP: 10m at min range

< 100m at max
range

Propulsion

Solid Fuel

Multiple

Stages

EUROPE

Country Chem

Belgium

France

□ □

Germany

TBMs & Weapons of Mass

Destruction

Nuc TBMs

Italy

Netherlands
UK r

Former Yugosltnja
Fmr Warsaw pJjttt!
(CZ,SL,HU,PL,RO,BU)

□

Lance
Hades
Pluton
Lance
Scud
SS-21
Frog - 7
Lance
Lance

Lance
Frog - 7
Scud
Frog - 7

FORMER SOVIET UNIOI

Nuc TBI

Belarus

Scud

Kazakhstc

SS - 21

Russia

Frog - 7

Ukraine

all others

AMERICAS

Country Chpm Nur
Argentinl
Brazil

TBMs

Ale

ME / EE

SS-300 / 10

Theater Ballistic
Missiles

Confirmed programs:
Chemical weapon
program
Nuclear weapon

H

□

*

n

MIDDLE EAST

Country

Nuc TBMs

Iran

Iraq

HZrLlr

□ n

Iran 130
Scud
Al Abbas
Al Hussein
Condor 2
Scud

Israel

□ □

Frog - 7
Lance

Saudi AraCJ

Jericho 1 / II

CSS - 2

Yemen

Scud
SS - 21
Frog - 7

CENTRAL ASIA

Country Chem Nuc

TBMs

Afghanistan.
India LJ

□

Pakistan n n

Agni
Prithvi
Hatf I / II

Scud

EAST ASIA

_Ch£

d

hem Nuc TBMs

□ □

\friiO LH

Badr
Condor 2
Scud
Frog - 7
Al Fatah
SS-21

Scud
Frog -7

Arniston

&

Nuc TBMs

M Family
CSS - 1/2/4

>r

Scud
Frog - 7
NHK - 1

n

Green I
Sky He
Scud
SS-300

Weapons Technology Trends:

Mat ip n

• GPS /INS

• Digital data
transfer

• Integrated cockpit

• "Fly by Light"
controls

Lethality

• ATGM - tandem
warhead

• Medium caliber gun

• Auto tracking

• AAM

Most

Comi

tIAVs

Helicopters

ommon

Fixed Wing —
DR-3 Drone (RS)SA-342 Gazelle (FRMiGp21/F-7
MIRACH 100 RPNMI-25 Hind (RS) ^ 23 F logger

(IT)

BO-105 (GE)

-29 Fuicrcrm

Srfte of the Pchela-1 KA-50 Hokum Miraae F-l (FR)

(Schmel-l(RS) "Werewolf” (RS)^ 2 H F i ank p r
Harpy (IS) PAH-2 Tiger (FR, G©^7 7

^=|-^29 Monqoose —

(RS)

Survivability

• Signature reduction

• IR plume suppression

• RCS suppression

• Warning receivers

RSTA:

FURS widespread
Day/night capable
EO/MMW sensors

Weapons Technology Trends: Air
Defense

AAA

Munitions:

• Course correctable

• Programmable fuze

• Improved sights

• All-weather/Day-night
capability

• Dual purpose armament
on IFVs

Most

Comi

ommon

T ac *'‘ al . ^ anpad

SA-2 Guideline ^-8 G ecko ^T pipe
SA-3 Goa SA-13 Gopher SA . 7 Grai|

ZbU ZJ -4 ca 14

Crotale (FR) Gremlin
HAWK (US)_ SAJ.; -
SA-15 Gauntlet
2S6 (RS)

!t

or

Ciulale NG

inqer

SAMs:

• Multiple, simultaneous
engagement

capability

• Range increased

• LBR guidance

• Multiple seekers

• Dual air-TBM
capability

Weapons Technology Trends: C4 &

Tactic fiffilg&Jting:

FURS widespread
Day/night capable
Electronic scan
Phased Array Radar
Seismic
MMW radar

Communications
Freq Hopping Radios

ACV 46 (SF)

ART 2000 (IR)

LVP 235 (IN)

PRC- 710 (IS)

SEM 173-193 CNR

Fire

Control System

Kapustnik-B (RS)

Vivary (RS)

AS 2000 (SF)

BATES (UK)

Peep Targeting:

• Extended range (500-
1000km) UAV

• Multi-sensor suites

• Downlink

Communications:

• COMSAT

• Cellular
telephones

• Fiber-optics

• Spread-spectrum

• Frequency
hopping

• Computerized

Sat^jUtes-/ Precision

IMPLICATIONS: Foreign
communication systems

• GPS /INS

• Real time/near real time
downlink -

• Photo

• Remote sensing

• Data

deployed rapid sensing, target acquisition, and
pose a serious threat to U.S. forces ability to function

UAV 50 to 100KM
Range

ASN-104/105 (D-4) (CH)
Fox ATI (FR)

AS 2000 (SF)
Brevel(FR/GE)

Vulture (SF)

UAV 100+KM
Range

TU-143 Reys (DR-3) (RS)
Fox AT2 (FR)

CL-289 (CA)

Meteor Mirach 100 (IT)
Meteor Mirach 150 (IT)
Scout (IS)

Heron (IS)

Harpy (IS)

High Tech Challenge: Space

• "Ultimate High Ground"

♦ Recon (I & W / strategic /
tactcal)

♦ Remote Sensing

♦ Navigation

♦ Meteorological

♦ Communications

Booster SRBM/MRBM connection

Nations / consortia with military-capable space

Programg oosters Recon Comms Nav Met

CIS X

(RS/KH) x

France / v

ESA X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Remot

e

Sensin

9

X

X

X

X

Countering space asset'

ECM (downlinks)
Differential GPS
Satellite prediction tools
/ denial programs
Camouflage / deception
ASAT?

China

Japan

India

X

DEW

Lasers

High Power Microwave

Radio Frequency
Weapons

Particle Beam Weapon

• Degrades US sensors
•' Technologies are mature in

China, Russia/FSU, and Europe

• "Tunable Systems" very difficult to

countermeasure

• Proliferation worldwide

SKYSHIELD Air Defense System

Swiss twin 35 mm gun system
Mission: defend high value fixed/semi fixed sites
Primary targets

- tactical fighter aircraft

- helicopters
Effective against

- PGM out to 4Km

• TLAM

• ATGM

• cruise missiles
Countermeasure resistant
multispectral sensors

- radar/I R/TV
Multisensor fire control
On International sales
market

SKYSHIELD Engaging Cruise Missile

Directed Energy Weapons (DEW)

• Uses mirror to achieve automatic

target acquisition and pointing.

- Mirror compensates for turbulence
during laser beam propagation

• Can kill RSTA sensors and ATGM-type
munitions

out to 10 km.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. ROUGH ACQUISITION DATA
ON LAUNCH PLATFORM

TO PROVIDE POINTING DATA
FOR PROBE BEAM.

2. SENSOR KILLING BEAM MUST
BE WITHIN F IELD-OF- VIEW OF
PGRfe.

10 km RANGE

2S6

• Defends from low-altitude threats including fixed-wing aircraft,
helicopters, remotely piloted vehicles, and cruise missiles.

• Autonomous manner or integrated within an air-defense net

• Maximum effective ranges of the 2S6's armaments are:
10 km for the SA-19 missile and 4 km for the 30-mm guns.

• Eight SA-19 missiles and two double-barreled 30-mm guns combined with
a sophisticated electronics package on a tracked chassis.

• Maximum effective altitudes are 3500 meters for the SA-19 missile and 3000 meters for the guns.

• Integrated sensor suite that consists of; an acquisition radar, a tracking radar, a 1RL138
identification friend or foe (IFF) interrogator, and an electro-optic (EO) system..

PANTZYR-1

Incorporates a sophisticated multispectral senso
A dual-channel fire-control system
Engage two-targets simultaneously and have
missiles in flight at any time.

Range limit for 57E6E missile is 18-km

• Counter-PGM, counter-stealth, and
advanced electronic-protection

twin-barreled guns (4k
range) (the same cannon used on the
2S6),

• 1400 rounds of 30-mm ammunition,
and twelve surface-to-air missiles
(SAM).

Provides protection against cruise missiles, precision-guided munitions, urn
vehicles, fixed-wing aircraft, and helicopters

Emerging Air Defense Systems

Artemis-30 ADA System - Greece

Polish ZU-23-2-ZR - Poland

Type 87 ADA System - China

OTOMATIC 76-mm ADA Turret

Chameleon ADA System -Sweder

ZA-35 ADA System - SA

SIDAM-25 ADA System - Italy